However, everything changed for me in 1994...

Included is a very good article, Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School. Name >> << (freely available as PDF). The article gives entertaining view of the road that will lead him to study

ie clusters of microbes that grow on solid substrates. He also draws attention to some of their recent research in ecology. There is also a joke aquarium. I added some microbial cartoons, just for fun! Microbes excellent model organisms ... at least for studying basic cellular processes. As

-- ("what is true for E. coli is true for the elephant"). That's why Roberto Kolter (and many other researchers) will soon come under the influence of bacteria, particularly E. coli. For some time studying the regulation of cell growth Kolter

E.coli. Under favorable conditions, cells divide to daughter cells that grow and divide faster again, and so on - and the bacterial population experiencing exponential growth. This exponential growth phase (called phase history), usually accompanied by a stationary phase, when growth slows down due to lack of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products. Finally, reduced bacterial population, the so-called phase death >> << (you can visit .. or shaking flasks and test tubes saves only the broth of the whole bulb and provides a continuous supply of fresh air to help bacteria grow quickly as a result, the cells are in >> << =. that is, they grow as a suspension in broth culture, Kolter and his colleagues found some interesting things that happens during the buy strattera stationary phase and death .. The article >> << He summarizes his findings as follows:

"And what we found through genetic analysis was quite extraordinary death allowed a new life, we see the evolution in real time [... ] Base .. usually there is loss of phase dynamic world die and the growth of bacteria. There were constant pulls population already existing mechanic bacterial mutants grew as the indigenous population met his death. Evolutionary cheating we'd call it later [...] "

In other words, adverse conditions occurring in

Escherichia coli cultures during the death phase (toxic products, some food) appeared to have two opposing effects. It was clear that many cells die, - but at the same time, successive waves of various spontaneous mutants able to develop and grow their dying brothers and sisters in a less than optimal conditions, these data were reviewed in two articles memorable names:

and is it not exciting microcosm little creatures in vitro not just die?

. .they develop now, joke or aquarium, Kolter own words!

"In the years represented for me a dramatic twist direction of my research could be attributed to changes to some time after the depression .. I mean it as an insight into the aquarium is now [...]

. microbial life on the surface for decades studied the Bill Costerton and other Intrepid pioneers biofilm field has long been ignored by the majority microbial physiologists and molecular genetics, including me. However, everything changed for me in 1994, when, noticing my depressed state, members of my lab gave me an aquarium in an attempt to bring me to the blues. When I was locked in the office, looking at the tank, I realized that studying culture impressed

E.

stick I was barking at the wrong track. water in the aquarium remains crystal clear, it was on the surface, where most microbial activity occurred. "

This remark applies also for aquariums .. It is possible that the majority of microbes on Earth spend most of their life together gives the surface, and therefore not in free circulation or swimming, planktonic state obviously is not a single young men, we can see biofilm in nature quite complex societies "or" bridge ", where different types of microorganisms that inhabit the buildings are made of adhesive macromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, DNA). important to note that bacteria in biofilms are sometimes resistant to antibiotics to which the same organisms sensitive when the planktonic state. So, are microbiologists were "barking at the wrong track" all the time? Well, not really. experiments using cultures were impressed and will be very useful. They, no doubt, very valuable to learn about the biochemistry, genetics and many other aspects of the biology of microbes. They play an important role in ensuring we have antibiotics and vaccines to combat infectious diseases. But it is true that sometimes shocked culture is the best model of research, especially if we try to understand " ; real life "microbes in the natural environment. lead Kolter" aquarium epiphany "in biofilm research. The first approach, he and his staff have been studying biofilm formation of certain

strain accompanying picture shows -. left - float glass film forms of bacteria when grown in continuous (not shake!) culture broth, and - it - enlarge the colony grown on agar plates, although this biofilm consists of only one body, in fact they are well structured, with multiple layers consisting of different cell types participates in various events. some cells actively producing matrix (not Wachowskis "movie, but the glue that holds together biofilm), others float around, and there are also some cells in the process of establishing how close the dispute that the multicellular organism A. ziYShz

biofilm very useful model.? -.? but you may think that a glass of one type of microbial very artificial settings Then, as scientists study the biofilm in a natural environment for the Kolter, inspiration came - not aquarium part - from the writings of biologist. In collaboration with Wilson, developed in the 1960s, the theory that has become a fundamental ecology and evolutionary biology. theory tries to explain the factors that control the number of species in natural communities (it was originally designed for the island, but now applied to any ecosystem in surrounded by other ecosystems). Kolter was fascinated by the way Wilson

islands to apply the theory to the test (that Wilson was really nothing for fumigation of small islands to kill all arthropods and then. see how the island was colonization), but Kolter was very wise, and not try to make free from germs of any island (which will be very difficult) His approach is much less destructive, the study consisted of two natural >> <<:. .. carnivorous pitchers plant and human lung, carnivorous plants eat insects and spiders that fall in its water jugs filled Kolter and collaborators found that within a closed, newly jugs were sterile - there go, microbial island born, this is allowed to analyze the composition of bacterial populations in emerging jugs during the season, as the microbes colonize. Among other results, the researchers found that pitchers containing some mosquito larvae (mortgage predators) was more bacterial diversity. second island microbial studied Kolter and employees are the airways of people suffering from (CF .) While you are healthy, your lungs should be largely fruitless. However, respiratory diseases such as CF or asthma outside the open gate microbial colonizers, which may do much harm. in CF, the main microbial agent is a bacteria that form biofilms the lungs and can easily become resistant to antibiotics. Using culture independent methods, laboratory Kolter in comparison of microbial communities in light of different patients with CF. Researchers have shown that the presence of P.

sticks was associated with lower microbial diversity worse lung function and patient age. In other words, it seems that coming

P. >> << Sticks ('invasive species) greatly affects the microbial community in the CF lung, which leads to a decrease in diversity. researchers suggest that the composition of microbial community could be a better predictor of disease progression than the presence of P.

sticks alone. Well, it was a long period. Please read Roberto Kolter (it's free), which includes some interesting thoughts and quotes.

fascinating concept. and increasing interaction between long-isolated fields of ecology and microbiology, I think, change how you view their subjects of research microbiologists. Hopefully, environmentalists also become more familiar organisms that control the planet - which are not people, you know, Roberto Kolter (2010) biofilm in the laboratory and nature: molecular genetics trip in Microbial Ecology Int Microbiol, 13, 1-7 DOI: ......

(video) Jupiter, May 2007 - and bacteria, multicellular organisms (podcast) Meet the scientist, episode 20, March 2009 MicrobeWorld - (free PDF), IV Costerton (2008) 21 ......: 59-67 - On the existence of germs ( virus) in healthy and sick human lungs ... Metahenomnyy Analysis of respiratory viral DNA associations in cystic fibrosis patients without cystic fibrosis died (2009) 4 (10): e7370 (free article ...) .. Many thanks to her for allowing me to use cartoons for this blog source: bacteria image PNNL - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Source: strain NCIB 3610 Source: Source ..:. << ... >>